Learn about semen examination, including collection methods, parameters like sperm count and motility, and its role in fertility diagnosis.
Semen analysis is a laboratory procedure used to evaluate the quality and characteristics of semen.
This test is crucial for diagnosing male infertility, assessing the success of vasectomy, and investigating certain medical conditions.
Purpose of Semen Examination
- Evaluate Fertility: Assess sperm count, motility, and morphology for fertility analysis.
- Post-Vasectomy Check: Confirm the absence of sperm after a vasectomy.
- Diagnose Medical Conditions: Detect infections or hormonal imbalances affecting reproductive health.
Steps in Semen Collection
- Preparation:
- The individual is advised to abstain from ejaculation for 2–7 days before the test to ensure accurate results.
- Hands and genitals should be cleaned before collection.
- Collection:
- Semen is collected in a sterile container, typically through masturbation.
- If collected at home, it should be delivered to the lab within 1 hour, kept at body temperature.
Parameters Evaluated in Semen Examination
| Parameter | Normal Values (WHO Guidelines 2021) |
|---|---|
| Volume | 1.5 mL or more per ejaculation. |
| pH | 7.2–8.0 (slightly alkaline). |
| Sperm Concentration | At least 15 million sperm per milliliter. |
| Total Sperm Count | 39 million or more per ejaculation. |
| Motility | 40% or more active and forward-moving sperm. |
| Morphology | 4% or more normal forms. |
| Liquefaction Time | Semen should liquefy within 20–30 minutes after ejaculation. |
Tests Performed in Semen Analysis
- Macroscopic Examination:
- Color: Normal semen is white or grayish. Yellow or red coloration may indicate infection or blood.
- Consistency: Assesses viscosity and ability to liquefy.
- Microscopic Examination:
- Sperm Concentration: Count of sperm per milliliter.
- Motility Assessment: Determines the percentage of motile sperm and their progression.
- Morphology: Examines the shape and structure of sperm.
- Biochemical Tests:
- Measure levels of fructose and other chemicals essential for sperm function.
- Microbial Culture:
- Detects infections or sexually transmitted diseases (STDs).
Abnormal Semen Parameters
| Condition | Description |
|---|---|
| Oligospermia | Low sperm count (<15 million/mL). |
| Azoospermia | Absence of sperm in semen. |
| Asthenospermia | Low sperm motility (<40%). |
| Teratospermia | Abnormal sperm morphology (<4% normal forms). |
| Leukocytospermia | Presence of white blood cells in semen, indicating infection. |
Importance of Semen Examination
- Infertility Diagnosis:
- Identifies the root cause of male infertility and aids in treatment planning.
- Monitor Treatment Success:
- Tracks improvements in semen parameters after medication or surgery.
- Detect Underlying Conditions:
- Helps diagnose infections, hormonal disorders, or anatomical abnormalities.
Conclusion
Semen examination is a vital diagnostic tool in reproductive health. By analyzing various parameters, it provides valuable insights into male fertility and potential medical issues. Accurate collection, proper handling, and timely analysis are essential for reliable results.